Serum from this patient was also highly reactive against burkholderia pseudomallei whole cells. Publication date 1994 topics horses, glanders, chevaux, morve. Human infection, although not seen in the united states since 1945, can occur rarely among laboratory workers and those in direct and prolonged contact with infected, domestic animals. Glanders can be introduced into glandersfree areas by leisure or racing movement of equids. Effectiveness of an antimicrobial treatment scheme in a confined. Glanders mostly occurs in horses, mules and donkeys. Clinical signs of the disease vary among horses but may be manifested by cutaneous nodules.
The biodiversity heritage library works collaboratively to make biodiversity literature openly available to the world as part of a global biodiversity community. Throughout history glanders has been known by other names including equinia, malleus, droes, and farcy 15. Horses get glanders by close contact with other infected horses. Glanders is a zoonotic disease, which means the bacteria can also infect humans through body fluids of an infected horse. Glanders is a contagious bacterial disease affecting primarily equidae horses, mules and donkeys and is caused by the bacterium burkholderia mallei. All imports must come from a territory free of glanders for at least six months. Glanders is commonly seen among domestic animals in africa, asia, the middle east, and central and south america. Structural flexibility in the burkholderia mallei genome.
Laboratory workers and those in direct contact with infected animals have become sick with glanders. Infection can also occur in dogs, cats, goats and camels. It is a rare infection in humans, even historically when it was common in horses. The last confirmed case in great britain was in 1928. The bacteria enter the body through cuts or abrasions in the skin and through mucosal surfaces such as the eyes and nose. Horses, donkeys and mules are the only known natural reservoir of b. Bhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services. It causes suffering and inevitable death to equines, whilst threatening the livelihoods of the owners who depend on them. This is a close relative of b pseudomallei that has become adapted to life as an obligate pathogen of equines i. Glanders in horse veterinary medicine epidemiology. Overview of glanders generalized conditions veterinary manual. Glanders is mainly transmitted by contact with infected horses, mules and donkeys, most often via their respiratory secretions and exudates from skin lesions. Chronically or subclinically infected equids can shed b. It was first described by the greeks in 450425 bc and again by the romans in 400500 ad.
Glanders is a contagious disease caused by burkholderia pseudomonas mallei. The bacteria can also be spread by fomites nonliving objects contaminated by infected animals, such as brushes, halters or harnesses. Glanders is an infectious disease that occurs primarily in horses, mules, and donkeys. Glanders and the risk for its introduction through the international. Pdf in the course of an epidemiological study of glanders on a number. Although glanders has been eradicated from most countries, it has regained the status of a re. Glanders, or farcy equinia, a specific infective and contagious disease, caused by a tissue parasite bacillus mallei, to which certain animals, chiefly the horse, ass and mule, are liable, and which is communicable from them to man. Major hobday has recorded in the veterinary journal for december, 1916, his experience concerning the value of the palpebral test for glanders in horses, as employed in the french army by vet. Glanders, primarily an equine disease, occurs naturally in two forms, namely acute or chronic systemic glanders, and cutaneous glanders. Glanders and farcy in the horse biodiversity heritage. Glanders fact sheet new york state department of health.
Programs to eradicate the disease have been successful in many countries, including the united states. The organism is susceptible to heat, light, and disinfectants. Glanders is a common infectious disease of horses in certain parts of the world. Aaep publishes glanders guidelines for horse owners and. Most known bacteria of the family burkholderiaceae are soil resident. Biological warfare use due to the high mortality rate in humans and the small number of organisms required to establish infection, burkholderia mallei is regarded as a potential biological warfare bw or bioterrorism agent, as is the closely related organism, burkholderia. Learn about the veterinary topic of overview of glanders. Human infection is very rare and requires close prolonged contact with infected animals. It is largely forgotten that this dreadful disease, also known in its cutaneous form as farcy, was only finally eradicated in britain in 1928. Glanders primarily affects horses, mules, and donkeys. Glanders is a highly contagious and often fatal zoonotic disease primarily of solipeds such as horses, mules, and donkeys. Sage and peter timoney, the frederick van lennep chair in equine veterinary. Glanders is commonly contracted by ingesting food or water contaminated with nasal discharges of carrier animals, by contact with harness components, and by ingestion of meat from affected horses.
Control of glanders requires testing of suspect clinical cases, screening of apparently normal equids, and elimination of reactors. Pdf glanders is a common infectious disease of horses in certain parts of the world. This had an effect on troop and supply convoys as well as on artillery movement, which were. Glanders is caused by the bacterium burkholderia mallei. The status of glanders in indonesia is declared free, but surveillance showed positive antibodies to b. Pdf glanders or farcy, caused by burkholderia mallei, is an infectious and zoonotic disease of solipeds. The disease can also be severe for hamsters and guinea pigs. The outcome of the results for the samples from glanders free horses group i in the indirect elisa was unexpected with regard to specificity tables 1 and 3, in particular in the bavarian horse samples obtained from a disease free zone. It primarily affects horses, but it can also affect mules, donkeys, goats, dogs, and cats.
Glanders primarily affects horses, donkeys and mules although animals such as goats, dogs, and cats can be infected. The glanders guidelines, available as a pdf file, were coauthored for the aaeps infectious disease committee by drs. Media in category glanders the following 9 files are in this category, out of 9 total. The natural hosts for b mallei are horses, donkeys and mules. Burkholderia mallei, a nonmotile gramnegative bacterium, is the causative agent of contagious and fatal disease of equines known as glanders minett 1959, khan and others 20. Burkholderia mallei, zoonosis, glanders, horse, treatment.
The causative agent is newly classified under the genus burkholderia and the biochemical characteristics of the bacteria are listed. Glanders definition is a highly contagious and lifethreatening disease of horses and other equines such as donkeys and mules or sometimes other animals such as dogs, cats, or goats that is caused by a bacterium burkholderia mallei synonym pseudomonas mallaei, is characterized especially by fever, cough, nodular lesions that tend to rupture and ulcerate, enlarged lymph nodes, and nasal. Glanders is a contagious bacterial disease affecting. Glanders is an oielisted disease as described in the terrestrial animal health code of the. The recent articles in veterinary record on testing for glanders in equids are to be welcomed laroucou and others 2016, malik 2016.
Glanders is a disease that primarily infects horses, mules and donkeys. An edfz can for all practical purposes be regarded as either applying the application of a disease free zone as described in chapter 4. Sep 03, 20 glanders is a highly contagious and often fatal zoonotic disease primarily of solipeds such as horses, mules, and donkeys. The organism is closely related to the causal agent of melioidosis, burkholderia pseudomallei 3. It is glanders, a highly contagious bacterial equine disease that is transmittable from horses to humans and other animals.
Glanders is a fatal and infectious disease of horses, donkeys and mules that is caused by burkholderia mallei, a gram. Find specific details on this topic and related topics from the msd vet manual. The american reformed horse book a treatise on the causes, symptoms, and cure of all diseases of the horse. While people can get the disease, glanders is primarily a disease affecting horses. Aug 26, 2014 glanders and farcy affect horses, donkeys, mules, and a variety of other animals. Glanders found in stray mexican donkey in texas the horse. Cats, dogs, goats, camels and bears can also be affected and most importantly, humans can become infected by contact with infected animals. Horses get glanders by close contact with other infected horses, especially through shared water and feed troughs oral as well as by nuzzling direct contact. Abstract glanders is a common infectious disease of horses in certain parts of the world.
Glanders is a disease caused by the bacteria, burkholderia mallei. It persists in numerous asian, african and south american countries and can be considered a re65 emerging disease. The primary routes of infection are ingestion, inhalation or contamination of wounds with body fluids from other animals with glanders. Glanders is primarily a disease affecting horses, but it also affects donkeys, mules, and can be contracted by goats, dogs, and cats. For glandersfree countries, there are recommendations on importing equines. Glanders is also considered to be a serious bioterrorist threat. Glanders is a highly contagious and often fatal zoonotic disease of solipeds caused by burkholderia mallei, a gramnegative, nonmotile, and facultatively intracellular bacterium. Glanders and farcy in the horse by royal college of physicians of edinburgh. Aaep publishes glanders guidelines horse racing news.
Etiology glanders results from infection by burkholderia mallei, a gram negative rod in the family burkholderiaceae. Horses are the only natural reservoir, but under experimental conditions other warmblooded animals can contract the disease. Glanders is usually acquired from contaminated food or water. Quarantine, cleansing and disinfection measures have been applied, and equine movement in and out of the districts have been prohibited. Germany has reported glanders in a horse in the osnabruck region. Definition glanders is a contagious disease caused by burkholderia mallei, a gram. It contains authoritative guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of animal disorders and diseases. Glanders has not been seen in the united states since. The merck veterinary manual has been a trusted source of animal health information for students and practicing veterinarians. Glanders is a contagious and fatal disease of equines, viz. It also affects donkeys and mules and can be naturally contracted by other mammals. Glanders also known as farcy is a serious bacterial disease of primarily equidae horses, donkeys and mules but also other species may be incidentally infected including carnivores, such as cats and dogs, but do not feature in the epidemiology.
Glanders was prevalent in the united states in the 1800s, and reportedly 3,000 horses and mules died of glanders in confederate stables in 1863 dvorak 2008. Glanders is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium burkholderia mallei. May 21, 2010 melioidosis also referred to as whitmores disease and glanders are related zoonotic diseases, caused by gram negative rods, burkholderia pseudomallei and burkholderia mallei respectively. Glanders in horse free download as powerpoint presentation. In the past, the disease in man has usually been contracted by direct or indirect contact with infected horses. Impact on horse owners glanders is an infectious equine disease that is still prominent in parts of india today. Glanders causes respiratory infection and skin lesions in horses and humans. Glanders farcy in horses symptoms, causes, diagnosis. It is caused by infection with the bacterium burkholderia mallei. Jan 27, 2014 a major outbreak occurred in south africa from 1899 to 1902 during the angloboer war, causing the death of 240,000 horses dvorak 2008. Glanders is an infectious, highly contagious and usually fatal disease that is caused by the bacterium burkholderia mallei.
These false positive reactions could be attributed to the fact that the latter sera were of poor. Glanders is mainly transmitted by contact with infected horses, mules and. Permanent imports require a negative preexport test taken within 21 days of export. Glanders the center for food security and public health. It is caused by infection with the bacterium burkholderia mallei, usually by. Evaluation of recombinant proteins of burkholderia mallei. This disease is characterized by serial development. Burkholderia mallei is a gramnegative, bipolar, aerobic bacterium, a human and animal pathogen of genus burkholderia causing glanders. Melioidosis is a tropical and subtropical disease, endemic in areas lying between latitudes 20 north and south. Glanders is an infectious disease that is caused by the bacterium burkholderia mallei. It can be contracted by other animals, such as dogs, cats, goats and humans. Publication date 1845 topics horses publisher london. However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study.
Sage and peter timoney, the frederick van lennep chair in equine veterinary science at the university of kentuckys gluck equine research center. Despite the high number of horses traced and tested, the source of the infection could not be established. It also affects donkeys and mules and can be naturally contracted by other mammals such as goats, dogs, and cats. The bacteria can also gain access through cuts, abrasions in the skin, via the eyes, or by the inhalation of the organism. In the eighteenthcentury veterinary hospital at the ecole nationale veterinaire dalfort, glanders was the most common disease among their equine patients and the one most likely to cause death. For intracommunity trade, 6 months freedom from glanders is required at the. The concept of an equine disease free zone edfz is an extension of the concepts of zoning and compartmentalisation already defined and described in the terrestrial code and applied by member countries. During the early part of the 20th century, glanders was prevalent throughout the world and was a major problem facing the horses, riders, veterinary surgeons. Glanders, which is eradicated in western europe, australia and northern america, is currently considered a reemerging disease.
For glanders free countries, there are recommendations on importing equines. It may also be inhaled via infected aerosols or dust contaminated by infected animals. Germany also tested 4694 horses in 2014 and 1655 horses in 2015 up to april 14 as part of routine preexport testing and no positive results were obtained, which will allow for the country to be declared free from glanders again. Glanders has not been reported in the united states since 1945. The disease also affects other animal species and is of zoonotic importance. Glanders or farcy, caused by burkholderia mallei, is an infectious and zoonotic disease of solipeds. Other than equines, small ruminants sheep and goat may also be infected if kept in close contact with glanderous horses. During world war i, glanders was believed to have been spread deliberately by german agents to infect large numbers of russian horses and mules on the eastern front. Animals are infected by ingestion of contaminated feed or water, inhalation or via open wounds. Glanders from middle english glaundres or old french glandres, both meaning glands. Chronic glanders can present in horses as an upper respiratory.
Within 14 months of infection, the titers decreased to the baseline. Other agents attempted to introduce the disease in the united states and argentina. Lees army of northern virginia lost the service of over 5000 horses when it swept through the horse station in lynchburg. All horses in the district will be subject to a followup test 20 days after initial. Glanders results from infection by burkholderia mallei, a gram negative. Glanders, once common throughout the world, is a highly contagious disease caused by the bacteria burkholderia mallei. Recently reemerging glanders is reported in several countries that have eradicated diseases such as in india, germany and china.
Glanders is a potentially serious disease in humans if it isnt treated but effective treatments are available. Mar 10, 2017 during the us civil war, general robert e. Awareness of emerging glanders in horses in indonesia noor. Jan, 2012 the bacteria that cause glanders are transmitted to humans through contact with tissues or body fluids of infected animals. Since 1990 the number of glanders outbreaks in race, military and pleasure horses in asia and south america is steadily increasing. Version adopted by the world assembly of delegates of the oie in may 20 oie terrestrial manual 2015 1 1 chapter 2. Glanders is primarily a disease affecting horses, but it also affects donkeys, mules, goats, dogs, and cats. Glanders was a significant problem for civilian use of horses, as well. The chance of glanders being transmitted from a horse to a human is very low. Toll free phone 18774277317 toll free fax 18774277318 roderick l. All horses within the district were subsequently subject to serological and mallein tests for glanders. Humoral immune responses in a human case of glanders.
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